a. convex (since the f is +)
b. di = 60 cm. Use the lens equation: 1/f = 1/di + 1/do
c. magnification = -2. Use the magnification equation: mag = -di/do
d. real (since di is +)
e. upside-down, since the mag is -
2. Dimmer, but still in focus. Fewer light rays make it, but their path is not changed.
3. Place the object AT the focal length.
4. Either within f, or between f and 2f
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